| 高健军.国际海底区域内活动的 担保国的赔偿责任[J].国际安全研究,2013,(5):36-51 |
| 国际海底区域内活动的 担保国的赔偿责任 |
| The Liability of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the International Seabed Area |
| 投稿时间：2013-05-08 修订日期：2013-06-25 |
| DOI： |
| 中文关键词: 海洋法公约 国际海底区域 担保国 赔偿责任 国际海洋法法庭 |
| 英文关键词: LOS Convention, International Seabed Area, sponsoring states, liability, the ITLOS |
| 基金项目: |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 1982年《联合国海洋法公约》（简称《公约》）为缔约国规定了确保其所担保的个人和实体在进行国际海底区域内活动时遵守《公约》相关规定的义务以及对所担保的承包者没有遵守其义务而造成的损害承担赔偿责任。然而，担保国的此种赔偿责任并非严格责任。只有当同时满足以下条件时担保国才应对其所担保的承包者造成的损害承担责任：担保国未按照《公约》履行其确保遵守的义务；所担保的承包者没有遵守其义务并因此造成损害；担保国的不履行与损害发生之间存在因果关系。在担保国需要承担赔偿责任的情况下，其责任的上限是其所担保的承包者的不法行为造成的“实际损害”，同时还应考虑管理局和对有关活动行使管辖或控制的国家的潜在责任。然而，担保国和承包者并不承担连带责任，担保国赔偿责任的存在并不影响承包者承担和履行其赔偿责任。承包者应先于担保国履行赔偿责任，而只有在承包者不能完全赔偿其应负责的损害时，担保国才有义务对未能赔偿的损害部分承担剩余责任。由于担保国根据《公约》承担的确保遵守的义务是一种“行为义务”，而并非杜绝损害发生的“结果义务”，因此，如果担保国已经履行了公约规定的尽责义务，那么即使发生损害，也不应要求其承担责任。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| According to the LOS Convention, States Parties have the responsibility to ensure that activities in the international seabed area undertaken by the persons and entities that they sponsored shall be carried out in conformity with the relevant provisions of the LOS Convention, and shall be liable for the damage caused by any failure of the sponsored contractor to comply with its obligations. However, the liability of sponsoring state is not strict liability. Where a sponsoring state is liable for the damage, the limit of the liability shall be the actual amount of damage, which should take account of the potential liability of the Authority and States under whose jurisdiction or control the activities concerned have been carried out. The sponsoring state and the sponsored contractor do not have joint and several liability. The liability of the contractor and its implementation shall not be affected by the fact that sponsoring state is also liable for the damage. The contactor shall implement its liability prior to the sponsoring state’s fulfilling its obligations. Only when the contractor fails to make full reparation for the damage it is liable for will the sponsoring state have the residual liability for the part of damage that has not been covered. Since the responsibility to ensure compliance that the sponsoring state undertakes under the LOS Convention is an obligation “of conduct”, rather than the obligation “of result” to prevent the occurrence of damage, if the sponsoring state has fulfilled the obligation “of due diligence” according to the requirements of the LOS Convention, it shall not be liable for any damage caused by the contractor. |
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