| 魏冰.安全制度如何分化对手联盟[J].国际安全研究,2023,(6):102-125 |
| 安全制度如何分化对手联盟 |
| How Can Security Institutions Divide a Rival Alliance? |
| 修订日期：2023-10-13 |
| DOI：10.14093/j.cnki.cn10-1132/d.2023.06.005 |
| 中文关键词: 联盟 楔子战略 物质型楔子战略 理念型楔子战略 欧洲安全与合作会议 |
| 英文关键词: alliance, wedge strategy, material wedge strategy, concept-based wedge strategy, CSCE |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 分化联盟是改变国家间实力对比的一种重要方式。现有研究围绕“楔子战略”这个概念系统论述了分化对手联盟的方式和机制，并提出了“奖励型楔子战略”和“强制型楔子战略”两种主要类型，两者均强调借助物质力量进行分化，可统称为“物质型楔子战略”。除此之外，由于联盟以竞争性安全理念为内核，而部分国家基于避免冲突和降低成本的考虑会在特定时期偏向合作性安全政策，因此分化国可以将差异化的合作理念作为切入点，即以“理念型楔子战略”实现对对手联盟的理念分化。理念型楔子战略旨在通过影响和改变目标国的安全理念来削弱其对联盟价值和功效的认知，从而间接促使其疏离联盟。当分化国对目标国不构成严重威胁，分化国在目标国关心的安全议题上具有较强的话语权，且目标国与部分第三方国家在该议题上持相似的政策立场时，分化国以理念型楔子战略为手段分化对手联盟。安全制度是实施理念型楔子战略的主要平台，分化国可以利用安全制度提出合作性安全倡议，或者提出解决目标国重视的安全问题的合作性方案，以此为目标国提供联盟之外的替代性安全手段，进而削弱联盟对目标国的战略价值并降低对手联盟的合作水平。苏联在冷战时期提出的欧安会倡议是实施理念型楔子战略的一次具体实践。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Dividing a rival alliance is an important way to change the balance of power between states. Around the concept of “wedge strategy,” the existing studies have systematically discussed the ways and mechanisms of dividing a rival alliance, and specifically proposed two main types of “wedge strategy”: “reward-based wedge strategy” (splitting the adversaries with carrots) and “coercive wedge strategy” (splitting the adversaries through heavy pressure), both of which emphasize the use of material forces to divide a rival alliance and hence can be collectively referred to as “material wedge strategy.” Apart from this, given that competitive security concepts constitute the kernel of alliances and some states may prefer cooperative security policies in certain periods of time to avoid conflicts and reduce costs, the dividing state can use differentiated cooperation concepts as the breakthrough point to realize the conceptual differentiation of the rival alliance, which can be summarized as “concept-based wedge strategy.” The “concept-based wedge strategy” aims to weaken the target state’s perception of the value and efficacy of the alliance by influencing and changing its security concepts, thereby indirectly inducing alienation from the alliance. When the dividing state does not pose a serious threat to the target state, and has a strong voice in the security issues concerned by the target state that holds similar policy positions with some third-party states on these security issues, the dividing state may adopt the “concept-based wedge strategy” to weaken and dissolve the rival alliance. Security institutions serve as a main platform for the implementation of the “concept-based wedge strategy” and can be used by the dividing state to propose cooperative security initiatives or cooperative solutions to the security issues that the target state attaches importance to, so as to provide alternative security means for the target state, thus weakening the strategic value of the alliance state and lowering the cooperation level within the rival alliance. The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) put forward by the Soviet Union during the Cold War is a concrete practice of “concept-based wedge strategy”. |
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