| 薛松.印度尼西亚海洋安全思维与合作逻辑[J].国际安全研究,2021,(3):78-101 |
| 印度尼西亚海洋安全思维与合作逻辑 |
| Indonesia’s Geo-maritime Security Thinking and Logic of Cooperation |
| 修订日期：2020-12-23 |
| DOI：10.14093/j.cnki.cn10-1132/d.2021.03.004 |
| 中文关键词: 印度尼西亚 海洋安全 南海问题 纳土纳 海洋合作 群岛国家 |
| 英文关键词: Indonesia, maritime security, the South China Sea issue, Natuna, maritime cooperation |
| 基金项目: |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 对地理特征的认知塑造一个国家的海洋安全思维。印尼具有“群岛特征”(陆地分散、海上邻国多和海域广阔)和“海权特征”(海上战略位置、良港和重要航道、海洋资源)两组地理特点，分别指向海洋“作为威胁”和“作为秩序来源”两种相互矛盾的认知模式。如何处理这对矛盾成为厘清印尼海洋安全思维发展的核心问题。在民族国家建构初期和冷战背景下，印尼着重应对与“群岛特征”相关的安全威胁。以苏西洛为转折点，印尼开始追求“海权特征”带来的秩序福利。群岛海洋安全思维的长期实践塑造了当前印尼海洋安全现状和合作逻辑：“重陆轻海”政策导致海洋安全能力落后，使印尼重视提升海上执法能力的务实合作；海盗问题的跨界性质使印尼提供安全公共产品的意愿较低，产生了“搭便车”的合作逻辑；1982年《联合国海洋法公约》确认了印尼的“岛国内海”权利，该公约被印尼视为海洋安全的制度保护伞和合作的底线。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| After Indonesia gained independence, perceptions of its geographical features have been shaping its relationship with the sea. Once regarded as “a source of threat”, the sea is now considered by Indonesia “a source of threat and order”. In the process of reorienting its perceptions, Indonesia has developed a unique maritime security mindset and logic relating to maritime security cooperation. First, Indonesia’s relatively isolated location has provided it with a stable external security environment, while its main islands, separated by the sea, have made local centrifugal tendencies a major security concern. All of these have shaped its strategic preference for land over sea and resulted in the backward development of maritime security. Today, the central government of Indonesia has already taken a firm grip on local governments, which allows the Indonesian government to give more priority to consolidating Indonesia’s maritime sovereignty and rights as well as highlighting practical cooperation in maritime law enforcement. Second, threats to Indonesia’s maritime security mainly come from the waters bordering with other states (the Strait of Malacca and the Sulu-Sulawesi Sea). In response to cross-border maritime threats, Indonesia has shown a low willingness to provide security-related public goods, thus forming a logic featuring “free-riding” and sensitivity to the cost of sovereignty in its maritime security cooperation. Third, the vast high seas between Indonesia’s islands were once the greatest threat to its maritime security. In line with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the international community basically recognizes Indonesia’s archipelagic rights. Therefore, Indonesia continues its efforts to seek shelter under the institutional umbrella of UNCLOS for its maritime security and its bottom line for maritime security cooperation. Understanding Indonesia’s line of thinking and perception of maritime security can shed some light on both parties of China and Indonesia to facilitate maritime security cooperation. |
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