| 付琴雯.“金卡”计划与特朗普政府投资移民制度改革安全风险论析[J].国际安全研究,2025,(5):140-164 |
| “金卡”计划与特朗普政府投资移民制度改革安全风险论析 |
| The Gold Card Program and Security Risks of the Trump Administration’s Investment Immigration Reform |
| 修订日期：2025-07-14 |
| DOI：10.14093/j.cnki.cn10-1132/d.2025.05.007 |
| 中文关键词: 金卡计划 投资移民制度 公民身份 移民管理 安全风险 |
| 英文关键词: Gold Card program, investment immigration, citizenship, immigration administration, security risks |
| 基金项目: |
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| 摘要点击次数: 735 |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 特朗普再次执政后推出“金卡”投资移民签证计划，试图通过行政主导方式改革既有投资移民制度。该计划不仅回应了“EB-5”等传统投资移民模式下监管失效、项目风险等结构性缺陷，也在一定程度上重塑了“谁应被接纳”的移民判断标准。若该改革持续推行，资本将不再单是促进社会就业的工具，而是成为衡量移民资格的核心指标。然而，特朗普政府改革存在适法性与安全性方面的双重隐忧。一方面，通过高额投资换取居留资格，在绕过传统法律框架的同时，削弱了行政与立法权之间的宪政平衡，合法性基础相对薄弱，未来或面临司法审查挑战；另一方面，其将居留权商品化的设计模式，恐将弱化传统投资移民要求创造就业岗位的“发展主义”模式，强化移民管理体系中的不平等结构，亦可能具有全球范围内“资本竞逐身份”的制度外溢效应。同时，特朗普政府将移民治理工具化、战略化的政策取向，也值得进一步关注。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Following his re-election, President Trump introduced the Golden Visa investment immigration visa program, aiming to reform the existing investment immigration system through administrative measures. This program seeks not only to address the structural flaws of traditional investment immigration models such as the EB-5 program, including regulatory failures and project risks, but to reshape the criteria for determining “who should be admitted” as immigrants. If this reform is implemented, capital will no longer be merely regarded as a tool for promoting social employment but will become the core metric for assessing immigration eligibility. However, the Trump administration’s reform raises dual concerns regarding its legality and security. On the one hand, exchanging high-value investments for residency status circumvents traditional legal frameworks and undermines the constitutional balance between executive and legislative powers, resulting in a relatively weak legal foundation that may face judicial challenges in the future. On the other hand, the commodification of residency rights risks weakening the “developmentalist” model of traditional investment immigration that requires job creation. It may also reinforce structural inequalities within the immigration management system and potentially produce institutional spillover effects around the world, encouraging a “capital-for-status” phenomenon. Additionally, the Trump administration’s tendency to instrumentalize and strategize immigration governance deserves further attention. |
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