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Vo1. 36, No. 4, July/August 2018

literature and advances a more integrative and dynamic theory of ethnic war by
linking factors with main causes of conflictual behavior via the two meta-mechanisms.
The resulting theory not only integrates a multitude of factors and mechanisms
identified within the existing literature but also reveals previously hidden or
neglected factors, interactions, and mechanisms, thus shedding new light for future
studies.
[Keywords] ethnic war, general theory, factors, inducement, mechanism, interaction,
mobilization
[Author] TANG Shiping, Fudan Distinguished Professor & Dr. Seaker Chan Chair
Professor, School of International Relations and Public Affairs (SIRPA), Fudan
University (Shanghai, 200433).

101 Violence Type and Popular Support: In Search for Conditions to Defeat
Ethnic Separatist Insurgency
XIE Chao

[Abstract] This paper proposes that it requires both land and population control in
addressing ethnic separatist insurgency, the latter of which actually involves both
winning popular support and controlling the manpower. Popular support is essential
to waging a successful counterinsurgency. Although it is not the only factor that
guarantees the success, counterinsurgency operations will surely fail without support
from the public. Therefore, when confronting the ethnic separatist insurgencies, the
national government should endeavor to win more popular support from the local
people. Based on the violence types and the thus resulted impact on popular support,
this paper puts forward that there are three necessary conditions to defeat ethnic
insurgency, which include the discriminate use of force by the national government,
the indiscriminate use of force by insurgents, and the counterinsurgency should be
dominated by local moderates. The combination of above three will be sufficient in
controlling and reducing the possible recruits by insurgency groups and the
insurgency groups will eventually perish when it cannot recruit enough insurgents to
replace those lost in counterinsurgency operations. This paper demonstrates the
above points by looking into the counterinsurgency cases by countries including
Russia, India, and Spain.
[Keywords] ethnic insurgency, ethnic terrorism, discriminate violence, indiscriminate
violence
[Author] XIE Chao, Assistant Research Fellow, Institute for International and Area
Studies, Tsinghua University (Beijing, 100084).

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