Page 162 - 《国际安全研究》2022年第5期

Journal of International Security Studies
equilibrium in the 1970s and 1980s. In the second phase around the end of the Cold War,
the space arms control progress was relatively slow due to the obstruction and
withdrawal of the United States. Since 2011, space arms control has entered the third phase
of development featuring fierce competition among major powers, clear-cut camps and
cross-fertilization of issues. Faced with the grim reality of space militarization, all countries
around the world need to actively explore and participate in the formulation of effective
proposals and strategies to promote space arms control on the basis of summarizing the
lessons learned from historical events and following the intrinsic mechanisms and laws of
space arms control.
[Keywords] weaponization of space, arms race in space, space arms control,
historical practices, development trends
[Authors] XU Nengwu, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, College of Basic
Military and Political Education, National University of Defense Technology
(NUDT); LONG Kun, Ph.D. Student, College of Basic Military and Political
Education, NUDT; MENG Xin, MA Student, College of Basic Military and Political
Education, NUDT (Changsha, 410073).

130 The “Bottom-up” Norm-setting and the Formulation of

International Cybersecurity Norms
WANG Lei
[Abstract] The use of information and communications technology poses a great
threat to international peace and national security, but the formulation of
international norms for cybersecurity is still in progress. While states are striving to
explore ways of reaching a normative consensus, they are often subject to political
and power gaming. Against this backdrop, Internet corporations and
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have started to actively engage in the
norm-setting process in a “bottom-up” manner and have proposed a variety of
normative initiatives that are different from the existing achievements. Can this
practice break the deadlock and accelerate the formulation of international
cybersecurity norms? Internet corporations and NGOs expect strict regulations on
states’ behaviors in cyberspace and want to play a more important role in
cybersecurity governance. Their normative initiatives driven by these expectations
have indeed reinforced existing international norms in many respects. However, the
state actors that dominate the norm-setting process employ a strategy of both
cooperation and struggle, with Internet corporations and NGOs having limited power
and influence in the norm-setting process. The United Nations Open-ended Working
Group (OEWG) and a small number of states have showed limited openness to
non-state actors and thus made it possible for some selected normative initiatives to be
brought onto the inter-governmental agenda. But disagreements and games among
states still prevent these normative initiatives from becoming widely recognized
international norms. Nevertheless, with the changing way of power gaming among
states, an increasing number of states tend to draw support from Internet corporations
and NGOs to serve their political goals, which, along with a more balanced
public-private partnership in cyberspace governance, will provide good opportunities
for Internet corporations and NGOs to strive for greater norm-setting influence.
[Keywords] cybersecurity, international norms, bottom-up, multi-stakeholders,
United Nations Open-ended Working Group (OEWG)
[Author] WANG Lei, Post-Doctoral Researcher at Fudan Development Institute,
Fudan University (Shanghai, 200433).

（本期英文编辑：张国帅 高静）

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