Page 6 - 《国际安全研究》2021年第4期

九一一事件以来美国反恐过程中的主导性隐喻及其后果

九一一事件后，世界各国普遍加大了对恐怖主义的打击力度，但恐怖主义活动整
②
①
体呈增长态势， 这种现象被称为“越反越恐”。 军事和政治层面上的反恐实践不
能脱离相应的反恐话语，政客们会构建反恐话语，为其反恐实践辩护，反过来，这些
话语在反恐实践中得到强化。不能忽视的是，话语有它自己的生命力，限制和误导反
恐行动，使政客们沦为反恐话语的“受害者”。因此，“越反越恐”与“越描越恐”有
密切的关系，而“隐喻”（metaphor）的广泛使用和“隐喻陷阱”（metaphorical trap）

的存在，是导致国际社会在反恐过程中出现“越描越恐”现象的重要原因。
以隐喻视角研究恐怖主义不是一项新的议题，但现有成果只是识别和分别介绍
涉恐的主导性隐喻，尚未系统说明在涉恐话语中使用的隐喻是如何限制人们的思维
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和行动的，最终导致恐怖主义治理陷入“越反越恐”的怪圈。 本文以九一一事件

① 由全球恐怖主义数据库（Global Terrorism Database）按年份查询得出，参见 Global
Terrorism Database, https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?search=&sa.x=54&sa.y=3。
② 杨恕、朱永彪：《西方反恐“越反越恐”怪圈成因》，载《人民论坛》2012 年第 7 期，第
69-70 页。
③ 同时包含“恐怖主义”和“隐喻”两个关键词的文献如下：“Manipulative Metaphors in
Response to Terrorism: Semantic and Strategic Confusion from Mixed Metaphors,” Laetus in Praesens,
2005, https://www.laetusinpraesens.org/musings/cuibon08.php; Hanne Määttä, “A Phantom Enemy:
Metaphors of Terrorism in Mainstream and Alternative News Media,” Dissertation, University of
Jyvaskyla, Finland, 2006, pp. 1-103; Arie W. Kruglanski, Martha Crenshaw, Jerrold M. Post and Jeff
Victoroff, “What Should This Fight Be Called? Metaphors of Counterterrorism and Their
Implications,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2007, pp. 97-133; Stuart
Macdonald, “Why We Should Abandon the Balance Metaphor: A New Approach to Counterterrorism
Policy,” ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2008, pp. 95-146; Rainer
Hülsse and Alexander Spencer, “The Metaphor of Terror: Terrorism Studies and the Constructivist
Turn,” Security Dialogue, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2008, pp. 571-592; Alexander Spencer, The Tabloid Terrorist:
The Predicative Construction of New Terrorism in the Media, New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan,
2010, pp. 107-135; Lynne Cameron, “Responding to the Risk of Terrorism: The Contribution of
Metaphor,” The Open University, UK, 2010; Monika Schwarz-Friesel and Helge Skirl, “Metaphors for
Terrorism in German Media Discourse,” 2011, pp. 1-12, https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1038&context=revisioning; Alexander Spencer, “The Social Construction of Terrorism:
Media, Metaphors and Policy Implications,” Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol.
15, No. 3, 2012, pp. 393-419; Erica Pinelli, “The Role of Metaphor and Metonymy in Framing
Terrorism: The Case of the Beslan School Siege in the Russian Media,” Metaphor and the Social World,
Vol. 6, No. 1, 2016, pp. 134-155; Monika Moro, “Framing Terrorism Through Conceptual Metaphors:
Analysing the Conceptualisation of Terrorism in the 21st Century by Republicans and Democrats in the
US Congress,” Dissertation, University of Vienna, Austria, 2016, pp. 1-104; Alexander Spencer,
“Metaphor Analysis as a Method in Terrorism Studies,” in Priya Dixit and Jacob L. Stump, eds.,
Critical Methods in Terrorism Studies, London and New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 91-107; Andrey
Fomin and Elizaveta Mona, “Conceptual Metaphor as a Means of Terrorist Suggestion (on the Material
of the Islamic State Video Messages),” Russian Journal of Linguistics, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2019, pp.
698-713; Tuncer Beyribey, “Medico-Political Metaphors of Counter-Terrorism: The Case of Turkey,”
Critical Studies on Terrorism, 2020, pp. 1-23, https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/17539153.2020.1791388，等。
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