Page 161 - 《国际安全研究》2023年第5期

Vo1. 41, No. 5, September/October 2023
challenges inherent to the concept of integrated deterrence, which will cast a veil of
uncertainty over its future trajectory.
[Keywords] great power competition, integrated deterrence, AUKUS, regional
security
[Author] XUE Liang, Ph.D. Student, Institute of International Relations, Nanjing
University (Nanjing, 210023).

81 Dynamics and Divergences of the EU-US Collaboration on Technology
Sanctions : From an EU Perspective
DAI Shuting and SONG Lilei

[Abstract] Technology sanctions have been playing a critical role in both military
conflicts and peacetime geopolitics. The European Union and the United States are
the biggest senders of sanctions, and their collaboration on sanctions has been
influential in many regions and areas. Despite the high frequency of collaboration on
technology sanctions, many divergences arise between the EU and the US in terms
of sanction policies. Starting from such dimensions as common values, security
threats, and secondary sanctions, this paper aims to establish a theoretical framework
for analyzing the motivating factors that facilitate collaboration and the contributing
factors that induce divergences in the EU and US technology sanctions. It has
selected three cases related to Russia, Iran and China for comparison. The findings
are that the EU and the US have the highest level of collaboration on imposing
sanctions against Russia. In the case of Iran, more prominent divergences related to
secondary sanctions have appeared. As regards China, no clear consensus on
technology sanctions has been reached yet. This paper argues that common values,
urgency of security threats and pressure of secondary sanctions are important driving
factors for the EU to collaborate with the US on technology sanctions. However,
different foreign policy concepts, misalignment of security perceptions and the
countervailing force of secondary sanctions also make it difficult to bridge the
differences between the EU and the US, thus significantly reducing the efficiency of
sanctions.
[Keywords] technology sanctions, EU, EU-US relations, secondary sanctions
[Authors] DAI Shuting, Ph.D. Student, School of Politics and International
Relations, Tongji University; SONG Lilei, Professor, School of Politics and
International Relations, Deputy Director of the Center for European Studies, Tongji
University (Shanghai, 200092).

108 How India’s Heavy Dependency on Russian Armaments Is Generated?
——A Study Based on Proactive Lock-in Tactics
WEI Han

[Abstract] Dependency varies from slight dependency, moderate dependency to heavy
dependency. There are three criteria for judging the degree of dependency between
countries: whether there exist supply and demand, whether it involves strategic
resources, and whether the conversion cost can be borne. Armaments cooperation
between India and Russia has reached a stage of heavy dependency that does not arise
naturally but is created and reinforced by Russia’s adoption of proactive lock-in tactics
as a resource supplier. Through a series of proactive tactics featuring “demonstration-

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