Page 138 - 《国际安全研究)》2020年第2期
P. 138
美国国家安全认知的新视阈:人工智能与国家安全
人工智能(Artificial Intelligence,简称 AI)作为一种“颠覆性”和“革命性”
技术,正在从根本上变革国际社会的发展进程及方式。人工智能作为一项广泛应用
①
的工具,能够使人们重新思考如何整合信息、分析数据并使用最终结果改变世界。
人工智能逐渐成为提升国家国防实力的重要途径,在感知与信息处理、指挥决策、
无人系统等军事领域发挥着越来越重要的作用,并直接影响国家安全战略的判断
(diagnosis)、决策(decision-making)及评估(assessment),从而对国家安全产生
②
重要的甚至决定性的影响。
长久以来,美国关于人工智能对国家安全影响的讨论,大都集中在操作层面
③
(operational level),重点关注“道德方面”的问题,对国家安全战略层面关注较少。
但随着“人工智能国家安全委员会”(National Security Commission on Artificial
Intelligence)、“人工智能特别委员会”(Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence)、
“联合人工智能中心”(Joint Artificial Intelligence Center)以及“人工智能和机器学
习政策与监督委员会”(Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Policy and
Oversight Council)等机构的相继建立,这种状况得到及时纠正。美国开始正视人工
智能对国家安全战略层面的重要影响,各类研究报告层出不穷。其中,既有诸如贝
④
尔弗科学与国际事务研究中心(Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs)、布
⑤
鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)、 伍德罗·威尔逊国际学者中心(Woodrow
⑥
Wilson International Center for Scholars)、 战略与国际研究中心(Center for Strategic
⑧
⑦
and International Studies)、 战争学院(Army War College) 以及兰德公司(Rand
① Darrell M. West and John R. Allen, “How Artificial Intelligence is Transforming the World?”
April 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-artificial-intelligence-is-transforming-the-world/.
② Mara Karlin, “The Implications of Artificial Intelligence for National Security Strategy,”
November 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence-for-
national-security-strategy/.
③ Mara Karlin, “The Implications of Artificial Intelligence for National Security Strategy,”
November 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence-for-national-
security-strategy/.
④ Gregory C. Allen and Taniel Chan, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security,” July 2017,
https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/ai-natsec-allen-chan.pdf?mtime=20180319093700.
⑤ Darrell M. West and John R. Allen, “How Artificial Intelligence is Transforming the World?”
April 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-artificial-intelligence-is-transforming-the-world/.
⑥ Yujia He, “How China is Preparing for an AI-powered Future,” June 2017, https://www.
wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/how_china_is_preparing_for_ai_powered_future.pdf.
⑦ Lindsey R. Sheppard and Andrew Philip Hunter, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security:
The Importance of the AI Ecosystem,” November 2018, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-
public/publication/181102_AI_interior.pdf?6jofgiir0rj2qfc3.tcg8jq8p.mpc81x.
⑧ States Army War College, “Strategic Robotpower: Artificial Intelligence and National
Security,” April 2017, http://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/3497.pdf.
· 136 ·