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2018 年第 4 期

①
工具主义与（文化和心理）建构主义在本质上是相互兼容的。
第三，文章假定导致族群主义和族群战争的一些深层原因是给定的，比如现代
民族国家形成过程中出现的现代化、去殖民化、帝国瓦解、国家的民族化以及排外/

②
封闭等情况。这些大的趋势构成了社会系统的关键特性。 很自然，这些趋势深刻
地塑造着国家针对其境内少数族群制定的政策以及相应地少数族群关于是否应该
③
对此采取屈服、抵抗甚至叛乱对策的考量。 一些学者对这些深层原因做过非常精
④
彩的研究， 所以文章将把重点放在导致族群战争的更为直接的原因上。

① Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationalhood and the National Question in the New
Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; Rogers Brubaker and David D. Laitin, “Ethnic
and Nationalist Violence,” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 24, No. 1 (November 2003), pp. 423-452;
James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity,”
International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Autumn 2000), pp. 845-877; James McKay, “An
Exploratory Synthesis of Primordial and Mobilizationist Approaches to Ethnic Phenomena,” Ethnic
and Racial Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4 (October 1982), pp. 395-420; George M. Scott, “A Resynthesis of the
Primordial and Circumstantial Approaches to Ethnic Group Solidarity,” Ethnic and Racial Studies,
Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 1990), pp. 147-171; Andreas Wimmer, Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict:
Shadows of Modernity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; Andreas Wimmer, “The
Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multi-Level Process Theory,” American Journal of
Sociology, Vol. 113, No. 4 (January 2008), pp. 970-1022; Andreas Wimmer, Waves of War: Nationalism,
State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2013. 比较巴德瑞德因·阿尔菲（Badredine Arfi）以及 V. P.加尼翁（V. P. Gagnon）、斯图尔特·考
夫曼（Stuart Kaufman）以及阿尔曼·格里高利（Arman Grigoryan）的争论。参见 Badredine Arfi,
“Ethnic Fear: The Social Construction of Insecurity,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1 (September 1998),
pp. 151-203; V. P. Gagnon, Jr., “Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia,”
International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/1995), pp. 130-166; Stuart J. Kaufman, “Symbolic
Politics or Rational Choice? Testing Theories of Extreme Ethnic Violence,” International Security,
Vol. 30, No. 1 (Autumn 2006), pp. 45-86; Arman Grigoryan, “Correspondence: Hate Narratives and
Ethnic Conflict,” International Security, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Spring 2007), pp. 180-191。
② Tang Shiping, “International System, not International Structure: Against the Agent-Structure
Problématique in IR,” Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 2014),
pp. 483-506.
③ Harris Mylonas, The Politics of Nation Building, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2013; Andreas Wimmer, Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2002; Andreas Wimmer, Waves of War: Nationalism, State Formation,
and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
④ 例如参见 Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationalhood and the National Question
in the New Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; Andreas Wimmer, Nationalist
Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002;
Andreas Wimmer, Waves of War: Nationalism, State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern
World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013。
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