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①
到了机会、贪婪和不满的标签之下。 他们将自然资源的攫取、海外同胞
(diaspora)的捐赠以及敌对外国政府的颠覆破坏活动等都归入机会这一指标,
但实际上,这些因素更多地是捕捉了潜在反叛者的能力这一因素。即使我们认
为,(绝对或相对)能力一定程度上是构成叛乱机会的基础,机会和能力也并
②
非一回事。
目前的研究,尤其是定量研究,还忽视了政治进程作为机制的重要作用。然而,
精英对族群身份认同、恐惧和仇恨的操控是驱动族群政治演变为族群战争的最关键
过程。现有研究也未能注意到,中介性政治进程有可能改变这些因素的作用,而这
些改变又将反过来塑造族群战争的具体特征。举例来说,之前的暴力事件不仅导致
仇恨,而且会带来国力削弱、国民经济满目疮痍、沿族群边界的政治动员等情况,
③
而这些情况都会助推之后更多的暴力事件。 同样,族群精英引发的竞价
(outbidding)和战争升级也能反过来限制之后对族群的包容。不考虑政治进程,
而仅仅在黑箱模式中把一些因素同族群战争相联系的这种做法已越来越多地遭到
① Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, “On Economic Causes of Civil War,” Oxford Economic
Papers, Vol. 50, No. 4 (February1998), pp. 563-573; Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, “Greed and
Grievance in Civil War,” Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 56, No. 4 (February 2004), pp. 563-595; Paul
Collier, Anke Hoeffler and Dominic Rohner, “Beyond Greed and Grievance: Feasibility and Civil
War,” Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 61, No. 1 (February 2009), pp. 1-27.
② 另外,如悉尼·塔罗(Sidney Tarrow)所指出的,保罗·科利尔(Paul Collier)和安克·霍
弗勒(Anke Hoeffler)忽视了泰德·格尔(Ted Gurr)开拓性的研究。而实际上科利尔等声称,
是他们开创了国内战争的定量研究。遗憾的是,很多研究把科利尔和霍弗勒提出的贪婪还是不满
概念(即 C-H 模型)作为研究出发点。对 C-H 模型进行更深入的评论以及对其提炼,请参见 Sidney
G. Tarrow, “Inside Insurgencies: Politics and Violence in an Age of Civil War,” Perspectives on Politics,
Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2007), pp. 587-600; Paul Collier, Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in
Dangerous Places, New York: HarperCollins, 2009, p. 1; Paul Collier and Nicholas Sambanis, eds.,
Understanding Civil Wars: Evidence and Analysis, 2 Volumes, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank,
2005; David Keen, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War,” International Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 4 (July
2012), pp. 757-777。
③ Stathis N. Kalyvas, “Promises and Pitfalls of an Emerging Research Program: The
Microdynamics of Civil War,” in Stathis N. Kalyvas, Ian Shapiro and Tarek Masoud, eds., Order,
Conflict, Violence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 397-421; Nicholas Sambanis,
“Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, No. 2
(June 2004), pp. 259-279; Andreas Wimmer, Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of
Modernity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; Andreas Wimmer, Waves of War:
Nationalism, State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2013.
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