Page 102 - 《国际安全研究》2021年第1期
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澜湄合作中的非传统安全治理:从碎片化到平台化
①
挝是 1.03,越南是 1.00,柬埔寨是 0,中国是 4.47。 总体来说,澜湄地区的恐怖
主义兼具国家和地域双重特点。泰国国内的恐怖事件几乎都是极端分裂势力发动
的,集中在泰国最南端的四个省(北大年、雅拉、那拉提瓦和宋卡省),自 2004
②
年叛乱活动升级以来,暴力活动已造成五千多人死亡。 仅 2017 年,极端分裂
分子发动了数百起袭击,方法包括枪击、纵火、简易爆炸装置(IEDs)和车载爆
③
炸装置(VBIEDs)。 2018 年,地雷袭击也成为恐怖行动的方法。 ④
⑤
进入 21 世纪后,东南亚地区的恐怖主义发展进入新阶段。 大量的“伊斯
兰国”组织成员在中东战场溃败后, “回流到”东南亚国家,迅速招募和培训
新成员。与此同时,基地组织正在“以一种新的形式崛起,试图从‘伊斯兰国’
⑥
手中夺回最危险极端组织的榜首位置”。 它们为泰国的萨拉菲亚祈祷团(Jemmah
Salafiyah,JS)和缅甸的罗兴亚民族主义组织(ARNO) 提供意识形态、资金和
⑧
⑦
行动上的支持, 甚至在罗兴亚难民营开展军事训练。 2017 年 9 月,基地组织
⑨
发出了武装反对缅甸政府的号召。 华盛顿近东政策研究所(Washington Institute
⑩
for Near East policy)的研究认为,缅甸未来将成为恐怖主义的主要战场。
① Trading Economics, “Terrorism Index/Asia,” https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/
terrorism-index?continent=asia.
② Faine Greenwood, “Thailand’s Terrorism Problem,” April 2, 2012, https://www.undispatch.
com/thailands-terrorism-problem/.
③ United States Department of State, “Country Reports on Terrorism 2017-Thailand,” September
19, 2018, https://www.refworld.org/docid/5bcf1f7b11.html.
④ United States Department of State, “Country Reports on Terrorism 2018,” October 2019,
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Country-Reports-on-Terrorism-2018-FINAL.pdf.
⑤ US Congressional Research Service, “Terrorism in Southeast Asia,” May 5, 2017, https://
crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44501/5.
⑥ Emile Amin, “Southeast Asia: The New Terrorist Destination,” November 20, 2017, https://
aawsat.com/english/home/article/1089481/southeast-asia-new-terrorist-destination.
⑦ Rohan Gunaratna, “Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Threat and Response,” https://www.
researchgate.net/publication/237634510_Terrorism_in_Southeast_Asia_Threat_and_Response_1.
⑧ Rohan Gunaratna, “Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Threat and Response,” https://www.
researchgate.net/publication/237634510_Terrorism_in_Southeast_Asia_Threat_and_Response_1; Emile
Amin, “Southeast Asia: The New Terrorist Destination,” November 20, 2017, https://aawsat.com/
english/home/article/1089481/southeast-asia-new-terrorist-destination.
⑨ The ASEAN Post Team, “The Threat of Terrorism in Southeast Asia in 2018,” February 2,
2018, https://theaseanpost.com/article/threat-terrorism-southeast-asia-2018.
⑩ Emile Amin, “Southeast Asia: The New Terrorist Destination,” November 20, 2017, https://
aawsat.com/english/home/article/1089481/southeast-asia-new-terrorist-destination.
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