Page 99 - 《国际安全研究》2021年第1期
P. 99
2021 年第 1 期
埔寨，11.8%来自越南、印度尼西亚和其他国家。 人口贩卖的主要对象是妇女和儿
①
童，性剥削是人口贩卖的首要目的。2014～2017 年的 4 年间，泰国被确认的人口贩
②
卖受害者中，约 60%为女性。 联合国毒品和犯罪办公室（United Nations Office on
③
Drugs and Crime，UNODC）的报告显示，儿童受害者的比例很高，尤其是女童， 在
④
被贩卖的未成年女孩中，70%遭遇性剥削。 劳工剥削是贩卖人口的另一个目的。
根据联合国机构间项目（UNIAP）的统计，男性多被贩卖从事农业、渔业和建筑业
⑤
的强迫劳动，女性则被迫从事性剥削工作，或在工厂和家庭里被压迫劳动。
不平衡的经济发展和对廉价低技能劳动力的需求，促使柬埔寨、老挝和缅甸等
国的民众利用非法途径进入泰国、马来西亚和中国等经济发展水平相对较高的国家
寻找工作机会。据统计，泰国境内的非法移民占泰国总劳动移民的 80%。2018 年，
泰国的非泰国居民数量为 490 万人，80%来自于柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸和越南，其中
⑥
80 万人属于非法移民。 由于偷渡费用比合法移民渠道的费用低得多，80%的人
⑦
会选择花费 400 美元的费用偷渡进入。 据联合国难民署估计，2012～2015 年，
约有 17 万名难民乘船离开缅甸（主要是罗兴亚人）；2017 年因若开邦的暴力事件，
近 50 万人离开缅甸，前往马来西亚、印度尼西亚、孟加拉国，甚至途经泰国、马
① US Department of State, “2018 Trafficking in Persons Reports: Japan, Office to Monitor and
Combat Trafficking in Persons,” January 2019, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/
282798.pdf.
② US Department of State, “2018 Trafficking in Persons Reports: Japan, Office to Monitor and
Combat Trafficking in Persons,” January 2019, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/
282798.pdf.
③ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), “Transnational Organized Crime in
Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth and Impact,” 2019 UNODC Research, July 2019, https://apo.org.au/
sites/default/files/resource-files/2019-07/apo-nid248971.pdf.
④ Iffat Idris, “Drivers and Enablers of Serious Organised Crime in Southeast Asia,” August 30, 2019,
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5d9b5b4c40f0b607ec50cc1a/655_Drivers_and_Enablers
_of_Serious_Organised_Crime_in_Southeast_Asia.pdf.
⑤ Iffat Idris, “Drivers and Enablers of Serious Organised Crime in Southeast Asia,” August 30, 2019,
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5d9b5b4c40f0b607ec50cc1a/655_Drivers_and_Enablers
_of_Serious_Organised_Crime_in_Southeast_Asia.pdf.
⑥ US Department of State, “2018 Trafficking in Persons Reports: Japan, Office to Monitor and
Combat Trafficking in Persons,” January 2019, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/
282798.pdf.
⑦ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), “Transnational Organized Crime in
East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat Assessment,” UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the
Pacific, Bangkok, April 2013, https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/
2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.pdf.
· 97 ·
