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超越“确保摧毁”:核武器数量、承诺可信度与核威慑原理
一个大国直接发动大规模战争已经越来越难以想象。 鉴于核武器对使用者自身的
①
巨大成本以及核禁忌规范的存在,一个有核国家在和平状态下突然向另一个国家发
②
动核打击同样不可想象。 就中美两国而言,在和平状态下美国向中国首先发动大
规模核打击,在任何情况下都是极其不可能发生的事件。 即使是宣称中美可能陷
③
入“修昔底德陷阱”的格雷厄姆·艾利森(Graham Allison),也承认和强调中美战
争风险“通常始于意外事件或事故”。 换言之,预谋性战争这种战争类型在大国
④
群体中已经(近乎)灭绝,因此对当今时代的大国来说,核威慑(以及其他所有形
式的威慑)的主要任务是慑止意外战争,即在出现危机的情况下防止危机升级为大
规模常规战争或者核战争,这正是即时威慑的任务。
此外,由于不影响论述的总体逻辑,本文不区分“确保摧毁”(assured
destruction)和“确保报复”(assured retaliation),它们在文中均指一国在遭到对手
首次核打击后所剩核武器能够给对手造成不可承受的损失。 相应地,本文也不区
⑤
① Shiping Tang, The Social Evolution of International Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2013; Tanisha M. Fazal, State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and
Annexation, Princeton University Press, 2007; Sharon Korman, The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition
of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996; John Mueller,
Retreat from Doomsday: the Obsolescence of Major War, New York: Basic Books, 1989. 论述大国无
战争现象及其原因的其他相关文献参见 Gary Goertz, Paul F. Diehl, and Alexandru Balas, The Puzzle
of Peace: The Evolution of Peace in the International System, New York: Oxford University Press,
2016; Joshua Baron, Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New
International Order, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014; Christopher J. Fettweis, Dangerous Times?
The International Politics of Great Power Peace, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press,
2010; John Mueller, “War Has Almost Ceased to Exist: An Assessment,” Political Science Quarterly,
Vol. 124, No. 2, 2009, pp. 297-321; Raimo Vayrynen, ed., The Waning of Major War, London:
Routledge, 2006。
② 关于核武器对使用者自身的成本,参见 Todd S. Sechser and Matthew Fuhrmann, Nuclear
Weapons and Coercive Diplomacy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp. 13-14;关于核
禁忌,参见 Frank Sauer, Atomic Anxiety Deterrence, Taboo and the Non-Use of U.S. Nuclear Weapons,
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015; Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and
the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007。
③ Thomas J. Christensen, “The Meaning of the Nuclear Evolution: China’s Strategic
Modernization and US-China Security Relations,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2012,
pp. 448-449.
④ [美] 格雷厄姆·艾利森:《注定一战:中美能避免修昔底德陷阱吗?》,陈定定、傅强译,
上海:上海人民出版社 2019 年版,第 219-248 页。
⑤ 有学者指出“确保摧毁”和“确保报复”存在微妙区别,参见 Stephen J. Cimbala, “Deterrence
Stability with Smaller Forces: Prospects and Problems,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 32, No. 1,
1995, pp. 67-68。
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