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2018 年第 4 期



                               四  关键因素和直接驱动力的联系


                   我们的关于族群战争的整合性理论通过四个直接主宰(master)诱因将众多因素
               同族群战争联系起来,因为这四个主宰诱因都能通过两大元机制(即安全困境/螺旋模
               型、群体内–群体间交互作用)与族群战争发生联系。如此,我们将能够纳入许多、

               甚至大部分文献中甄别出的与族群战争有关联的因素。而这也将为把这些因素与精英
               族群动员联系起来铺平道路。而鉴于局势升级(也称“上升螺旋”)是安全困境/螺旋
               模型的一个组成部分,本文框架也覆盖了这样一个认识,即,所有族群战争都受局势
                             ①
               升级情形支配,   而且所有这些主要诱因和关键因素都是局势升级情形的一部分。
                   (一)四个主宰诱因:情绪、利益、能力和机会
                   四个主要诱因是把众多心理和物质因素通过两大元机制纳入一个整合性框架
                                                                           ②
               的关键。很多研究都强调这些因素是最容易导致冲突行为的诱因。   而在此处,我
               把它们予以整合为四个主要诱因。
                   情绪这一类属之下有四种具体的情绪(或情绪诱因):恐惧、荣誉、仇恨和愤
               怒(暴怒)。首先,恐惧(尤其是对于族群统治和族群毁灭的恐惧)常被视作安全
                                       ③
               困境/螺旋模型的一部分。   在族群政治中,恐惧经常是由奉行沙文主义的多数族

                  ①  Nicholas Sambanis, “Using  Case Studies  to Expand Economic Models of Civil War,”
               Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, No. 2 (June 2004), pp. 259-279.
                  ② Randall Collins, Violence: A Micro-Sociological Theory, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University
               Press, 2008; Randall Collins, “C-Escalation and D-Escalation: A  Theory of the Time-Dynamics  of
               Conflict,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 77, No. 1(January 2012), pp. 1-20; Donald L. Horowitz,
               Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985;  Stuart J. Kaufman,
               Modern Hatred: the Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001;
               Stuart J. Kaufman, “Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice?  Testing  Theories of Extreme  Ethnic
               Violence,”  International Security, Vol. 30, No.  1 (Autumn 2006),  pp. 45-86;  Richard Ned Lebow,
               Cultural Theory of International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008; Michael
               Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, Cambridge: Cambridge University
               Press, 2005; Roger D. Petersen,  Understanding Ethnic  War: Fear, Hatred, Resentment in
               Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; Andreas Wimmer,
               Waves of War: Nationalism, State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World, Cambridge:
               Cambridge University Press, 2013.
                  ③  Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
               1985; Barry Posen, “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” Survival, Vol. 35, No. 1 (January
               1993), pp. 27-47; Stuart J. Kaufman, Modern Hatred: the Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, Ithaca, N. Y.:
               Cornell University Press, 2001.
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