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五 过程:族群动员及精英-大众交互作用
格奥尔格·齐美尔(Georg Simmel)和刘易斯·科赛(Lewis Coser)最早就
①
指出,精英动员是族群间冲突的一个关键。 毕竟,若没有一定组织上的支持,族
群战争的爆发极为困难甚至是不可能的;而为了建立起组织上的支持,精英和大众
必须共同参与。因此很多研究都将精英的族群动员视为促发族群战争的重要步骤,
这一点并不奇怪。确实,如詹姆斯·费伦(James Fearon)和戴维·莱廷曾指出的
一样,即使是从原生主义或者文化主义理论的视角解读族群战争,精英话语以及操
纵的重要作用也都不容小觑。若不能理解族群动员的实际过程,也就不能充分理解
族群战争,而且若仅侧重某些中意的因素,那么在此基础之上确立的政策也无法有
②
效抑制类似冲突。 关于抗争性政治的文献中对此问题已有非常多的讨论,并就动
员提出了诸多有益的洞见,而且将众多因素(比如社交网络、社团结构、族群团结
性以及身份认同)整合进了一个连贯的框架。当然,族群政治中的动员与非族群政
治的动员(如,民主化、劳工抗议以及女性权力运动)有诸多不同。
③
① Georg Simmel, Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations, translated and edited by Reinhard
Bendix and Kurt H. Wolff, Glenco, Ill.: Free Press, 1955; Lewis A. Coser, The Functions of Social
Conflict: Political Opportunism and Ethnic Conflict, Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1956.
② James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic
Identity,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Autumn 2000), pp. 853-860.
③ Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2001; Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and
Contentious Politics (3rd edition), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011; Charles Tilly and
Sidney Tarrow, Contentious Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 关于族群动员问题有大量
的研究成果。与其相关的重要讨论和证据参见 Badredine Arfi, “Ethnic Fear: The Social Construction of
Insecurity,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1 (September 1998), pp. 151-203; Paul R. Brass, Ethnicity and
Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, Beverly Hills, CA & New Delhi: Sage, 1991; Paul R. Brass, Theft
of An Idol: Text and Context in the Representation of Collective Violence, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton
University Press, 1997; Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press, 1985; Donald L. Horowitz, Deadly Ethnic Riots, Berkeley, CA: University of California
Press, 2001; Stuart J. Kaufman, Modern Hatred: the Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, Ithaca, N. Y.:
Cornell University Press, 2001; Joseph Rothschild, Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework, New York:
Columbia University Press, 1981。另有两部研究作品出色地应用族群动员理论来研究(族群)抵抗
和反叛问题,参见 Mark R. Bessinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; Roger D. Petersen, Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons
from Eastern Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001。
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