Page 68 - 《国际安全研究》2021年第2期
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中美不对称核稳定与美国战略机会主义论析
中美在核武器的数量和部署模式上也存在差异。根据公开的数据资料,美国目
前拥有总计 5 800 枚核弹头,其中实战部署的(Deployed)共 1 750 枚,储藏的(Reserve)
①
②
2 050 枚,退役和待拆解的 2 000 枚。 而中国的数量总计仅为 320 枚, 且多为
储藏状态。因此,就数量而言,中国与美国存在较大差距,中美不在一个对等数量
级;就部署模式而言,中国的核武器处于头体分离的状态,而美国拥有较多数量头
体对接、随时可用的部署核武器。总之,中美核实力、数量不对等,核戒备姿态也
不同,这是两国战略实力不对称的主要表现。
(二)对手感知:中国核威慑能力有效但没有富余
美国国内对中国核报复能力存在着不同的认知和看法。美国有学者对中国具备
可靠的威慑能力抱有积极的认可态度,认为中美两国之间的相互脆弱是事实,而不
③
是(政策上的)选择。 相互脆弱(Mutual Vulnerability)是指两个国家都不可能
通过先发制人的核打击以及其他措施解除对手的核报复能力,双方面临对方的核报
复打击时都是脆弱的,因此双方都不敢在使用核武器上轻举妄动。认可中美之间的
相互脆弱状态,即是承认中国对美国核威慑能力有效。美国战略学界认可中美相互
④
脆弱关系的观点较多, 甚至还有学者将中美相互脆弱的概念应用在除核领域之外
⑤
的太空和网络领域,认为中美在核网天三大领域都存在相互脆弱关系。
① Hans M. Kristensen and Matt Korda, “United States Nuclear Forces, 2020,” Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientists, Vol. 76, No. 1, 2020, pp. 46-60; SIPRI Yearbook 2020, Armaments, Disarmament
and International Security, World Nuclear Forces, p. 328.
② SIPRI Yearbook 2020, Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, World Nuclear
Forces, p. 356.
③ United States of America Department of State, International Security Advisory Board, Report
on Maintaining U.S.-China Strategic Stability, October 26, 2012, pp. 3-4; “Memorandum for the
Chairman, International Security Advisory Board (ISAB),” ISAB Study on Maintaining U.S.-China
Strategic Stability, July 5, 2011, https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/170752.pdf.
④ “PONI Debates the Issues: U.S.-China Mutual Vulnerability,” Center for Strategic and
International Studies, April 16, 2012, http://C689420.R20.CF2.RACKCDN.COM/120416_PONI.MOV;
Gregory Kulacki, “Mutual Vulnerability with China: A Reality, Not a Choice,” Union of Concerned
Scientists Blog All Things Nuclear, October 11, 2013, http://allthingsnuclear.org/gkulacki/mutual-
vulnerability-with-china-a-reality-not-a-choice; Brad Glosserman and Eleni Ekmektsioglou, “Strategic
Stability in US-China Relations,” ISPI Policy Brief, May 2011, No. 210, pp. 1-5; James M Acton, “Managing
Vulnerability,” March 1, 2010, http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/03/01/managing-vulnerability/3j6v.
⑤ David C. Gompert and Phillip C. Saunders, The Paradox of Power Sino-American Strategic
Restraint in an Age of Vulnerability, Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 2011, p. xiii;
David C. Gompert and Phillip C. Saunders, “The Future of Sino-American Relations,” The National Interest,
January 12, 2012, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-future-sino-american-relations-6358.
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