Page 28 - 《国际安全研究》2020年第4期

援助安全：一个基于援助载体的新议题

①
助国在国内外的形象”等。 一般而言，对外援助本质就是一种外交政策工具。 从
②
类型上看，对外援助可以分为发展援助、人道主义援助和安全援助等；从路径上
③
看，对外援助分为双边援助与多边援助。 除此之外，对外援助也包括安全援助
与军事援助等类型，援助国或者通过军事等具体议题领域，或者加强具体功能领
域的合作，推动国家之间的关系前进。
但是，对外援助的全球治理功能和国家间关系调节功能却并没有发挥得尽如人

意。近年来，海地、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、利比里亚、埃及、叙利亚、马拉维、阿富
汗和肯尼亚等国都曾经被打上过“援助失败”的烙印。2013 年，一位资深的德国
④
外交官承认，3/4 的德国援非发展项目最终以失败告终。 “项目表现数据库”
（Project Performance Database）也显示，大约 40%的援助项目“必然失败”，只有

⑤
14%的援助项目被认为“运转良好”。 同时，援助的有效性（aid effectiveness）问
题成为学者们的关注点。相关研究认为，援助并未展现出其推动经济增长的预期功
⑥
⑦
效，甚至会滋生援助依赖性与腐败现象等。 有学者甚至宣称，“援助已死”。

① Thomas D. Lairson and David Skidmore, International Political Economy: The Struggle for
Power and Wealth, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2004, pp. 337-338.
② Clair Apodaca, “Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy Tool,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of
Politics, 2017.
③ Carol Adelman, “Foreign Aid: Effectively Advancing Security Interests,” Harvard
International Review, Fall 2007, pp. 62-67; G. R. Berridge and Alan James, eds., A Dictionary of
Diplomacy, 2nd ed., New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp.105-106; Clair Apodaca, “Foreign Aid
as Foreign Policy Tool,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 2017.
④ Daniel Tost, “Weshalb gehen drei Viertel aller Entwicklungsprojekte in Afrika schief?”
EURACTIV, März 27, 2013, https://www.euractiv.de/section/entwicklungspolitik/interview/weshalb-
gehen-drei-viertel-aller-entwicklungsprojekte-in-afrika-schief/.
⑤ Matt Warner, “Can Local Solutions Succeed Where Foreign Aid Has Failed?” Foundation for
Economic Education, January 22, 2019, https://fee.org/articles/can-local-solutions-succeed-where-
foreign-aid-has-failed/; Dan Honig, Navigation by Judgment: Why and When Top Down Management
of Foreign Aid Doesn’t Work, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018; Daniel Honig, “Project
Performance Database February 2019,” Harvard Dataverse, Version 1.0, https://dataverse.harvard.
edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/444GNW.
⑥ William Easterly, “Why Doesn’t Aid Work?” CATO Unbound, April 2, 2006; Sebastián
Edwards, “How Effective is Foreign Aid?” World Economic Forum, November 28, 2014; George
Economides, Sarantis Kalyvitis and Apostolis Philippopoulos, “Does Foreign Aid Distort Incentives
and Hurt Growth? Theory and Evidence from 75 Aid-Recipient Countries,” Public Choice, Vol. 134,
No. 3, 2008, pp. 463-488.
⑦ Dambisa Moyo, Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is Another Way for Africa,
London: Allen Lane, 2009.
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