Page 51 - 《国际安全研究》2020年第4期
P. 51

2020 年第 4 期

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               字会指出的,如果人道主义援助员工无法得到保护,那么“民众将会承担后果”。   全
               球人道主义危机越来越多,但是并没有足够的全球资源予以应对,包括援助领域的人
                       ②
               力资源。   对援助工作人员而言,被绑架和抢劫等安全威胁与火灾和事故等安全隐患
               都是影响援助工作人员人身福祉的重要因素,并构成了援助领域工作人员高离职率的
                         ③
               环境因素。   快速的人员离职被认为是国际发展机构能力建设和组织学习的重要限制
               要素,这导致援助部门面临日益严重的“技能短缺”(skills shortage)问题。
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                   第二,日益恶化的国际和局部地区不稳定状况将援助机构人员的工作和生活置
               于危险境地。一位国际发展机构从业人员感受到国际安全形势对当前援助工作带来
               的重大安全变化,“在 15~20 年之前,驾驶带有我们机构标志的吉普车出入本来就
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               是一种安全保证,但是,现在这一切都完全改变了。”   对若干政府和武装冲突团
                                                                  ⑥
               体而言,援助工作人员为其提供了一笔可供榨取的财源。   如南苏丹政府曾要求为
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               其进行援助的国际工作人员缴纳 100~10 000 美元的工作许可费用;   而针对国
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               际工作人员的绑架勒索事件层出不穷,并成为援助员工日益关注的重要议题。 “援
               助员工安全数据库”显示,从 1997 年到 2019 年,1 587 名援助员工遭遇过绑架威
                  ⑨
               胁。  尽管国际援助机构认为获得当地人的支持是弱化援助员工安全风险的重要途

                  ①  ICRC, “ ‘Populations will Suffer’ If Humanitarian Workers Are Not Protected,” International
               Committee of  The Red Cross, April 5, 2019,  https://www.icrc.org/en/document/populations-will-
               suffer-if-humanitarian-workers-are-not-protected.
                  ②  Elizabeth Ferris, “Too Many Humanitarian Crises, Not Enough Global Resources,” Brookings,
               July 30, 2014,  https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/too-many-humanitarian-crises-not-enough-global-
               resources/.
                  ③  David Loquercio, Mark Hammersley and Ben Emmens, Understanding and Addressing Staff
               Turnover in Humanitarian Agencies, London: Overseas Development Institute, June 2006.
                  ④  Frances Richardson, “Meeting the Demand for Skilled and Experienced Humanitarian
               Workers,” Development in Practice, Vol. 16, No. 3-4, 2006, pp. 334-341.
                  ⑤  Barry Steyn, “World Humanitarian Day: When Aid Workers Leave, We Know the Situation is
               Really Bad,” CARE International Japan, August 19, 2016, http://www.careintjp.org/newsE/e/whd2016.html.
                  ⑥  Susanne Schmeidl, “Is Enough Being Done to Protect Aid Worker?” The Interpreter, May 7,
               2015, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/enough-being-done-protect-aid-workers.
                  ⑦  Diane Cole, “South Sudan Will Now Charge $10,000 For An Aid Worker Permit. Why?” NPR,
               March 7, 2017, https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/03/07/519048728/south-sudan-will-
               now-charge-10-000-for-an-aid-worker-permit-why?t=1581629721666.
                  ⑧  Malaka Gharib, “Kidnapping Is A Rising Concern For Aid Workers Around The World,” NPR,
               July 25, 2016, https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/07/25/487087067/kidnapping-is-a-
               rising-concern-for-aid-workers-around-the-world.
                  ⑨  The Aid Worker Security Database, https://aidworkersecurity.org/incidents.
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