Page 72 - 《国际安全研究》2020年第4期

国际语境中的政治安全与弱国的治理困境

①
其他定义包括：免于对领导人政治生存的内部威胁； 统治精英对强制性机构的准
③
②
垄断； 在位统治者及其政治追随者对权力的安全控制和维护； “现有领导者被
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移除出政治办公室的可能性” 等。此外，也包括对政权本身的不同理解，如“掌
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握最高机关的小群体或有效控制国家机器（尤其是其强制力量）的精英”； “最高
掌权人物和对国家实现有效控制的精英的统治”或“位于政体中心的政治—军事制
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度和最高级别的官员”。 总的来说，政权安全关涉统治精英及其支持机制的统治（或
政治生存）免于主要来自内部的威胁（尤其是暴力挑战），其指涉对象则视具体情况
而定。其他类型的脆弱性，包括内部的和外部的、军事的和经济的、规范的和物质
的，乃至生态多样性的脆弱性，只有当它们变得足够尖锐，足以进入政治层面并威
胁政权的生存和影响政权的威胁认知时，才成为这一安全关涉的组成部分。

弱国政治安全即政权安全核心逻辑的形成与弱国在政治安全上有迹可循的因
果、特征、困境和治理规律密不可分。
首先，弱国有着大体一致的根源。不少学者对弱国之弱的原因进行过较为系统的

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探讨。 其原由主要有以下几个方面：其一，外部民族国家框架的强加与该国所在区

① M. Taylor Fravel, “Economic Growth, Regime Insecurity, and Military Strategy: Explaining
the Rise of Noncombat Operations in China,” Asian Security, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2011, p. 178.
② Takashi Inoguchi, “Political Security: Toward A Broader Conceptualization,” International
Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, 2003, p. 108.
③ Roy Allison, “Virtual Regionalism, Regional Structures and Regime Security in Central Asia,”
Central Asian Survey, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2008, pp. 185-202.
④ Joe D. Hagan, “Regime, Political Opposition, and the Comparative Analysis of Foreign
Policy,” in Charles F. Hermann, Jr., Charles W. Kegley and James N. Rosenau, eds., New Directions in
the Study of Foreign Policy, London: Routledge, 1987, p. 346.
⑤ Brian L. Job, ed., The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States, Boulder:
Lynne Rienner, 1992, p. 15.
⑥ Gregory D. Koblentz, “Regime Security: A New Theory for Understanding the Proliferation of
Chemical and Biological Weapons,” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2013, pp. 505-507.
⑦ Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State
Capabilities in the Third World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 269-277; Barry Buzan,
“New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century,” International Affairs, Vol. 67, No.3,
1991, pp. 439-440; Mohammed Ayoob, “The Security Problematic of The Third World,” World Politics,
Vol. 43, No. 2, 1991, pp. 266-271; Georg Sørensen, “Individual Security and National Security: The
State Remains the Principal Problem,” Security Dialogue, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1996, pp. 377-378; Yong-Pyo
Hong, State Security and Regime Security: President Syngman Rhee and the Insecurity Dilemma in
South Korea, 1953-60, New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000, pp. 3-7; Mohammed Ayoob, “Security
in the Third World: The Worm About to Turn?” in Barry Buzan and Lene Hansen, eds., International
Security, Volume I: The Cold War and Nuclear Deterrence, London: SAGE Publications, 2007, p. 325.

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