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超越生物防御:“两用性”安全叙事与美国生物技术政策的演进
政府严密监督和管理的防御对象。 奥巴马政府认为,由于生物技术是解决生物
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安全(主要是公共卫生)的重要手段,因此生物技术“两用性”中的负面用途应
被视为一种必要的安全成本。 如今,这种对生物技术“两用性”的理性认知已
②
经难以再在美国政府的表述中找到,生物技术“两用性”已然成为一个片面强调
风险的概念。近年来,美国政府将中国在生物技术领域取得的巨大成就视为一种
“存在性威胁”,无端采用各种限制性政策工具来应对所谓的“中国技术崛起”风
险,对正常的中美技术合作设置障碍壁垒, 策划“中国行动计划”严格审查中
③
国在美科研人员, 拒绝中国对美生物公司投资等。 在这种思维模式下,美国
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⑤
政客将中国生物技术研究统一贴上“威胁美国安全”的标签,以此否认中国生物
科研的正当性。西方媒体炒作华大基因与中国人民解放军联合开展的听力损失、
乳腺癌、狼疮和卵巢癌等无争议医学研究的项目,并无端质疑这些项目的研究目
的。 只要中国军方资助的生物科学项目,即便是包括疫苗开发在内的正常医学
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研究,也会被视为“造成安全威胁”的“两用性”研究。 美国政客对生物技术
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“两用性”安全叙事变得愈发极端化,往往只关注生物技术牵涉的“安全威胁”,
① 傅聪:《生物安全议题的演变与美欧国家治理比较》,《德国研究》2020 年第 4 期;
“Executive Order 13546-Optimizing the Security of Biological Select Agents and Toxins in the United
States,” The White House, July 2, 2010, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/
executive-order-optimizing-security-biological-select-agents-and-toxins-united-stat。
② “National Strategy for Countering Biological Threats,” National Security Council, November
23, 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/National_Strategy_for_Countering
_BioThreats.pdf.
③ Raquel Leslie and Brian Liu, “U.S. Justice Department Puts an End to Controversial China
Initiative,” Lawfare, March 4, 2022, https://www.lawfareblog.com/us-justice-department-puts-end-
controversial-china-initiative.
④ Ellen Barry and Gina Kolata, “China’s Lavish Funds Lured U.S. Scientists: What Did It Get in
Return?” The New York Times, February 6, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/us/chinas-
lavish-funds-lured-us-scientists-what-did-it-get-in-return.html.
⑤ John Cumbers, “China’s Plan to Beat the U.S. in the Trillion-Dollar Global Bio Economy,”
Forbes, February 3, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/johncumbers/2020/02/03/china-now-out-
invests-america-in-the-global-bioeconomy-by-30/?sh=255abb477440.
⑥ Kirsty Needham and Clare Baldwin, “China’s Gene Giant Harvests Data from Millions of
Women,” Reuters, July 7, 2021, https://www. reuters.com/investigates/special-report/health-china-bgi-
dna/.
⑦ Chen Gui-Ling et al., “Safety and Immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 ARCoV mRNA Vaccine
in Chinese Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase1 Trial,” The Lancet
Microbe, January 24, 2022, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(21)00280
-9/fulltext.
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